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This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Google Scholar. Muhammad Abu Shareb et al. Muhammad T. The Barbary coast: 16th - 20th century. With the decline of the local Berber dynasties in the 15th and 16th centuries, the valuable coastal strip of north Africa known because of the Berbers as the Barbary coast attracts the attention of the two most powerful Mediterranean states of the time - Spain in the west, Turkey in the east.
The Spanish-Turkish rivalry lasts for much of the 16th century, but it is gradually won - in a somewhat unorthodox manner - by the Turks. Their successful device is to allow Turkish pirates, or corsairs, to establish themselves along the coast. The territories seized by the corsairs are then given a formal status as protectorates of the Ottoman empire.
The first such pirate establishes himself on the coast of Algeria in Two others are firmly based in Libya by Tunisia is briefly taken in by the most famous corsair of them all, Khair ed-Din known to the Europeans as Barbarossa.
Recovered for Spain in , Tunisia is finally brought under Ottoman control in Piracy remains the chief purpose and main source of income of all these Turkish settlements along the Barbary coast. And the depredations of piracy, after three centuries, at last prompt French intervention in Algeria.
This, at any rate, is stated by the French at the time to be the cause of their intervention. The reality is somewhat less glorious. Algiers is occupied by the French in , but it is not until that the French conquest of Algeria is complete - after prolonged resistance from the Berber hinterland, which has never been effectively controlled by the Turks on the coast.
It is in the European interest to police this entire troublesome Barbary region. Tunisia becomes a French protectorate in , and Morocco which has maintained a shaky independence, under its own local sultans, since the end of the Marinid dynasty follows in Italy takes Libya from the Turks in The regions of the Barbary coast thus enter their last colonial phase before independence. Turkish control over over the region of modern Libya has been little more than nominal during much of the Ottoman period.
In the western region, Tripolitania, the descendants of an Ottoman governor, Ahmad Karamanli, win hereditary rights as pashas in and retain them until In the eastern district of Cyrenaica real power resides with the Senussi, followers of a 19th-century religious reformer al-Senussi al-Kabir , whose creed of a strict and simple Sunni life proves popular with the Bedouin tribesmen.
But the eventual removal of the Turks from the region is not the result of local antagonism. It derives from the wish of Italy, a latecomer in the imperial scramble , to increase her stake in Africa while there is time.
By the first decade of the 20th century Algeria and Tunisia are French. Egypt is British. Libya, situated between these French and British regions, is a part of north Africa in which Italy has been developing extensive commercial interests.
In the French and Italian governments come to a cool-headed secret agreement. France has designs on Morocco , Italy on Libya. Each will allow the other a free hand. In Italy finds a trumped-up reason to send a hour-ultimatum to Istanbul, demanding the presence of Italian troops in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to protect the local Italian population. On September 22, , the U. Embassy in Tripoli resumed operations.
Ambassador to Libya, J. Christopher Stevens and three other American colleagues were killed on September 11, , during an attack on the U. Mission in Benghazi. The Department suspended U. Embassy operations in Tripoli on July 26, because of ongoing violence between Libyan militias in the immediate vicinity. The embassy temporarily relocated to Tunisia in March where it operates as the "Libya External Office in Tunis under the authority of the U. Ambassador to Libya, facilitating engagement with Libyans and U.
Menu Menu. Libya - Countries. Modern Flag of Libya. Recognition Tripolitan Recognition of the United States, Recognition of Libyan Independence, Legation in Libya was raised to Embassy status, John N. Relations from to Suspension of U.
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